Faith Nyasuguta
Government debt continues to be a significant economic challenge across Africa, with some nations facing alarmingly high debt-to-GDP ratios. According to the International Monetary Fund (IMF), these mounting debt levels threaten fiscal sustainability and economic stability in several countries. Let’s take a closer look at the seven African nations with the highest government debt.
Sudan
Sudan holds the unenviable title of the highest government debt in Africa, with a staggering debt-to-GDP ratio of 344.4%. Years of economic instability, political turmoil, and poor financial management have contributed to this massive debt. The country continues to grapple with inflation, currency devaluation, and unsustainable borrowing, making recovery a formidable challenge.
Zimbabwe
Zimbabwe ranks second, with a debt ratio of 98.5%. Decades of economic mismanagement, hyperinflation, and debt defaults have compounded the crisis. Despite government efforts to stabilize the economy, the high debt level remains a significant barrier to growth.
Mozambique
Mozambique closely follows at 96.9%. The country has been hit hard by financial scandals involving hidden debt and extensive borrowing for infrastructure projects. Meeting its debt obligations has become increasingly difficult, sparking concerns about long-term economic stability.
Egypt
Egypt, Africa’s third-largest economy, has a debt-to-GDP ratio of 96.4%. Massive public spending, infrastructure investments, and reliance on external loans have contributed to the rising debt. Although the government has implemented economic reforms, these high debt levels continue to pose risks.
Republic of Congo
The Republic of Congo, with a debt ratio of 94.6%, has suffered from declining oil revenues, its primary source of income, and heavy borrowing. As a result, the country is under immense financial strain, with limited resources to drive economic growth.
Ghana
Ghana’s debt-to-GDP ratio stands at 83.6%, driven by rising public spending and the need to finance development projects. Seeking relief, Ghana has turned to the IMF for support in restructuring its debt and implementing fiscal reforms.
Mauritius
Even Mauritius, often seen as a financial hub, is struggling with a debt ratio of 81%. Economic pressures from the COVID-19 pandemic and reduced tourism revenues have worsened the island nation’s debt situation.
Government Debt Rankings in Africa (2025)
| Rank | Country | Debt-to-GDP Ratio (%) |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Sudan | 344.4% |
| 2 | Zimbabwe | 98.5% |
| 3 | Mozambique | 96.9% |
| 4 | Egypt | 96.4% |
| 5 | Congo | 94.6% |
| 6 | Ghana | 83.6% |
| 7 | Mauritius | 81% |
The Road Ahead
High government debt can lead to inflation, currency depreciation, and limited resources for crucial development initiatives. Many African nations have sought assistance from international financial institutions such as the IMF and World Bank to help navigate these crises.
However, achieving long-term stability requires more than external aid. Comprehensive fiscal policies, structural reforms, and improved governance are essential to enhancing revenue generation and reducing reliance on external borrowing. As these countries confront their financial challenges, prudent debt management and sustainable economic growth remain key priorities.
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